1. Formation of two species by the splitting of one species is known as
a. Divergent
evolution
b. Convergent
evolution
c. Cladogeneis
d. Anagenesis
Correct answer: c, An evolutionary splitting event where a parent
species splits into two distinct species is known as cladogenesis.
This usually occurs when a few organisms end up in new, often distant
areas, or when environmental changes cause several extinctions, opening-up
ecological niches for the survivors.
2. Which of the following types of speciation is exemplified by
Darwin finches?
a. Parapatric
speciation
b. Sympatric
speciation
c. Quantum
speciation
d. Allopatric
speciation
Correct Answer: d, Darwin noticed that finches differed on Galapagos
Islands from one island to another. This may be due to them being
geographically isolated which prevented them from breeding each other. Thus,
they are examples of allopatric speciation, in which species become so isolated
from each other that genetic interchange is prevented.
3. Abnormally high rate of twin-births in Candido Godoi municipality
can be explained by
a. Founder effect
b. Popular sire
effect
c. Coalescent
theory
d. Both founder
effect and popular sire effect
Correct answer: a The abnormally high rate of twin-births in Candido
Godoi can be explained by the founder effect. The founder effect is the loss of
genetic variation that occurs when a new population is established by a very
small number of individuals from a larger population, and that is the case with
Candido Godoi.
4. A population bottleneck is a sharp reduction in the size of a
population due to environmental events or human activities. The year 1890 witnessed
a bottleneck in the population of
a. European bison
b. Northern
elephant seal
c. Giant panda
d. Golden hamster
Correct Answer: b, the Year 1890 witnessed a population bottleneck in
northern elephant seal when its population fell to about 30.
5. Which of the following statements about evolution is in accordance
with the law of large numbers?
a. The mutation in a
population is rare when there are large numbers of individuals.
b. The genetic drift is large when
the population is large
c. When the population is large, the
effect of genetic drift is milder.
d. Frequency of a gene variant is
high when the population is in large numbers.
Correct
answer: c, The
law of large numbers states that when the population is large, the effect of
genetic drift is much milder. In a small reproductive population, the effects
of sampling error can alter the allele frequencies significantly.
a. Catastrophe
theory
b. Red Queen
Hypothesis
c. Phyletic
gradualism
d. Punctuated
equilibrium
Correct Answer: d, The above-mentioned sentence is in accordance with
the punctuated equilibrium, i.e., Once a species occurs in the fossil record,
they will become stable showing little net evolutionary change for most of
their geological history.
7. Which kind of natural selection is exhibited by the African butterflyBicyclus anynana with
its wing eyespots?
a. Disruptive
selection
b. Stabilizing
selection
c. Directional
selection
d. Sexual
selection
Correct Answer: b, The African butterfly Bicyclus anynana exhibits stabilizing selection with
its wing eyespots. The circular eyespots positioned on the wings are favored
in function compared to other shapes and sizes.
8. Mutational bias favors one type of mutation that is most likely
to become fixed in a population. Which of the following is not an evolution due
to mutational bias?
a. Loss of
pigment in cave animals
b. Loss of
sporulation ability in B. subtilis
c. Colorful
plumage of Goldie’s bird of paradise
d. Outer membrane
proteins in Ehrlichia
Correct answer: c, Colourful plumes in
Goldie's bird of paradise is due to sexual selection. Female birds look for
male birds with elaborate plumage which eventually causes birds with less
elaborate plumage to die out.
9. The relationship between flowering plants and the pollinators
can be best described as
a. Co-adaptation
b. Internal
adaptation
c. Reactive
adaptation
d. Exaptation
Correct answer: a The relationship between flowering plants and the
pollinators can be best described as co-adaptation. In co-evolution (co-adaptation),
the existence of one species is strictly dependent on the life of another
species, thus pollinators evolve simultaneously with the flowers they
selectively visit.
10. Coextinction is the extinction of one species resulting in the loss of
other species that are dependent on it. Which of the following species became
extinct with a bird called huia?
a. Ricinus bombycillae
b. Rallicola extinctus
c. Paediculus
humanus
d.
Menopon
biseriatum
Correct Answer: b, Rallicola extinctus is a huia parasite and became extinct with the
bird. This parasite was only known to live on the now extinct huia.
11. Acclimatisation is the process in which an individual organism
adjusts to a gradual change in its environment. Which of the following
exemplifies acclimatization?
a. A rat eating
any kind of food- Flexibility
b. Wild birds
living in urban areas- Flexibility adaptation
c. Rapid color
changes in some flatfish
d. Antics of the dog
on striking with whiplash- Learning
Correct answer: c, The rapid color changes in some flatfish is an
example of acclimatization. They change their pigmentation to match the
background as a means of protection
12. Which amongst the following is not an example of co-evolution?
a. Old world
swallowtail and fringed rue
b. Garter snake
and rough-skinned newt
c. Acacia rat and
Bullhorn acacia tree
d. Hemiptera and
acacias
Correct Answer: d, Hemiptera and acacias in central-eastern New South
Wales are at risk of co-extinction. Hemiptera has acacia as its host. With
acacia getting extinct, Hemiptera will also get extinct.
13. Why do humans and chimpanzees share 98% of their genomes?
a. Because humans
inherited genomes from chimpanzees
b. Because they
have co-evolved
c. Because they
have a common ancestor
d. By matter of
chance
Correct answer: Humans and chimpanzees share 98% of their genomes
because they had a common ape-like ancestor. Ancestors of humans and chimps may
have begun diverging 13 million years ago.
14. As the evolution progressed, in which era mammals and dinosaurs
co-habited the Earth?
a. Hadean period
b. Triassic
period
c. Jurassic
period
d. Carboniferous
period
Correct Answer: b, Mammals, and dinosaurs co-habited the Earth in
Triassic period. That was around 248-213 million years ago.
15. Speciation in frogs which are inhabiting the same pond is due to
a. Ecological
isolation
b. Reproductive
isolation
c. Seasonal
isolation
d. Physiological
isolation
Correct answer: Isolation due to different types of environmental
conditions in the same region is called ecological isolation. It occurs in the
absence of specific geographical barriers and is responsible for allopatric
speciation. Ex: Different species of Rana (frogs) living in the same pond.
16. Mimetic that uses a dead leaf as a model is
a. Mantis
religiosa
b. Kallima
paralekta
c. Gurastid
d. Phylum
Correct Answer: b, Kallima paralekta, commonly known as dead leaf
butterfly, uses dead leaves as a model. The lower side of its wings appears just
like a dead leaf.
17. From the following, mark the true sentence about the cast fossils:
a. They are
formed on soft or semi-stiff clay
b. Only the shape
of the organism is preserved
c. Hard parts are
preserved
d. They are
formed by the preservation of resins of plants
Correct Answer: b, In-mold, or cast fossils, only the shape of the organism is preserved in the form of mold.
18. The amount of lead found in a fossil is proportionate to the
disintegration of
a. 90Sr
b. 14C
c. 238U
d. 226Ra
Correct answer: c, The amount of lead present in a fossil is
proportionate to the disintegration of 238U. This is the basis of U-Pb dating
19. Diversification of flowering plants was contemporaneous to
a. Origin of
reptiles
b. Origin of
elephants
c. Origin of apes
d. Origin of
horses
Correct Answer: d, Diversification of flowering plants was
contemporaneous to the origin of horses. Both took place in the Eocene epoch of the tertiary period of Cenozoic era.
20. Paleozoic age is known as the age of
a. Amphibians and
fishes
b. Gymnosperms
and reptiles
c. Reptiles and
humans
d. Fishes and
Mollusks
Correct answer: a. Paleozoic age is known as the age of amphibians and
fishes. The carboniferous period of this age is especially known as the age of
amphibians, and the Devonian period of this age is known as the age of fishes.
21. "Living organisms have the ability to develop even lost or
non-functional structures." This statement is supported by the appearance of
a. Vestigial
organs
b. Atavistic
organs
c. Homologous
organs
d. Analogous
organs
Correct Answer: b, Appearance of atavistic organs supports organic
evolution that living organisms have the ability to develop even lost or
non-functional structures e.g. appearance of the small tail in somebodies.
22. Organisms exhibiting interspecific struggle are organisms that
a. Live in
different territories
b. Belong to the
same species
c. Live in the
same territory
d. Belong to the
same species but live in different territories.
Correct answer: c, Organisms exhibiting interspecific struggle live in
the same territory e.g. a fox hunts a rabbit while a fox is hunted by a tiger.
23. Basis of the development of Pouter, Jacobin and Fantail varieties
of pigeon is
a. Microevolution
b. Natural
selection by mutations
c. Artificial
selection
d. Intra-specific
struggle
Correct answer: Artificial selection is the intentional
reproduction of individuals in a population that have desirable traits. Pouter,
Jacobin and Fantail varieties of pigeons are produced from rock pigeon by the
process of artificial selection.
24. The theory of the origin of eukaryotic cells evidenced by mitochondria
is
a. Independent
origin theory
b. Evolutionary
theory
c. Endosymbiotic
theory
d. Both
evolutionary and symbiotic theory
Correct answer: c, Endosymbiotic theory suggests that the evolution of
eukaryotic cells have taken place from the symbiotic association of two or more
prokaryotic cells because the mitochondria and chloroplasts of present day
eukaryotic cells are exactly like primitive prokaryotic cells.
25. All the features are atavistic in humans except
a. Tail in some
babies
b. Ability to
move pinnae
c. Polydactyly
d. Dense body
hair
Correct answer: c, Polydactyly in humans is a congenital physical
anomaly.
26. Hardy-Weinberg principle describes the stability of allele
frequency and its constancy in a
a. Family
b. Species
c. Community
d. Population
Correct Answer: d, Hardy-Weinberg principle states that allele
frequencies in a population are stable and constant from generation to generation.
27. Which of the following pairs of organisms exhibits the same
similarities as flippers of penguins and dolphins?
a. Sweet potato
and potato
b. Tendrils of bougainvillea
and Cucurbita
c. Forelimbs of Cheetah and Humans
d. Forelimbs of whales and bats
Correct
answer: a, Sweet
potato and potato are analogous structures that are anatomically different but
perform the same function. Flippers of penguins and dolphins are also analogous
organs.
28. After industrialization in 1920, there were more dark-colored
moths in England because
a. Soot from
industries changed the color of moths
b. Predators are
white color moths
c. White-colored
moths emigrated to other areas due to pollution
d. White-colored
moths died due to toxic pollutants from the industries.
Correct Answer: b, Predators spot a moth against a contrasting
background and the white-winged moth did not survive the predators due to trees
becoming dark because of industrial smoke.
29. De Vries stated saltation as a view of evolution. According to
him, saltation is
a. Multiple-step
large mutation
b. Single-step
large mutation
c. Single-step
point mutation
d. Multiple-step
small mutation
Correct answer: Saltation means a single step large mutation. It is a
great evolutionary progress just made in a single step, which causes large
mutation.
30. Which of the following statements about Darwin's finches are true?
a. They were originally seed eaters.
b. All evolved on the same island.
c. They were originally insectivorous.
d. They differed in size and shape of their beak.
a. Only b, c, and d
b. Only a, b and d
c. Only a and d
d. Only c and d
Correct
Answer: Darwin's
finches were originally seed eaters that evolved on the same island and
differed in shape and size of beaks because many of them later became
insectivores.
a. Missing link
b. Connecting
link
c. Living fossil
d. Mimetic
Correct answer: c, Latimeria is a living fossil. A living fossil is a living organism with
some ancient characters. Latimeria follows
the oldest known living lineage of Sarcopterygii (lobe-finned fish and
tetrapods), which means they are more closely related to lungfish, reptiles, and
mammals than to the common ray-finned fishes.
32. American opossum plays dead when it is attacked by an enemy. This
is a perfect example of
a. Conscious
mimicry
b. Aggressive
alluring mimicry
c. Protective
concealing mimicry
d. Protective
warning mimicry
Correct answer: a Certain animals exhibit conscious imitation and on
sensing danger, behave as if they are dead. The common example is the American
opossum, Didelphis, which plays dead when attacked by an enemy.
33. According to Lamarckism, which of the following factors affects
the organic evolution?
a. Survival of
fittest
b. Acquired
characters
c. Crossing over
d. Environmental
conditions
Correct Answer: b, According to Lamarck, the inheritance of the acquired
characters affects the organic evolution. The characters acquired by the
organism during its lifetime due to environmental influences are preserved by
generation and transmitted to the offspring.
34. The most acceptable concept of the species was given by
a. Linnaeus
b. Adolf Mayer
c. John Ray
d. Lamarck
Correct Answer: b, The most acceptable concept of species is the biological concept of species, which was given by Mayer. According to Mayer,
all the members that can interbreed among themselves and can produce fertile
offspring, are the members of the same species.
35. The outcome of divergent evolution maybe
a. Homologous
structures
b. Analogous
structures
c. Vestigial
structures
d. Either
analogous or vestigial structures
Correct answer: a Homologous structures are organs or bones which
appear in different organisms, indicating descent from a common ancestor.
Divergent evolution is the evolution from a common ancestor.
36. Sympatric divergence in the apple maggot Rhagoletis pomonella has
resulted due to
a. Geographical
isolation
b. Reproductive
isolation
c. Mechanical
isolation
d. Physiological
isolation
Correct Answer: b, Divergence of Rhagoletis pomonella, maggot fly has
taken due to reproductive isolation. Reproductive isolation can be due to
competition for resources, disruptive selection, and sexual selection.
37. The period of dominance of trilobites is
a. Cambrian
b. Silurian
c. Devonian
d. Precambrian
Correct answer: a, Trilobites were dominant in the Cambrian period.
Trilobites are a fossil group of extinct marine arachnomorph arthropods.
38. The period of origin of flowering plants coincided with the
period of
a. Extinction of
dinosaurs
b. Origin of
reptiles
c. Origin of
birds and mammals
d. Origin of
dinosaurs.
Correct answer: Flowering plants, birds and mammals, all originated
in the Jurassic period.
39. Isolation mechanism that resulted in reproductive isolation in
Darwin's finches are
a. Mechanical
isolation
b. Geographical
isolation
c. Ecological
isolation
d. None of the
above
Correct answer: c, Ecological or habitat isolation occurs when two
species could not interbreed because they live in different habitats. For
example, in India, both the lion and tiger exist and are capable of
interbreeding. However, the lion lives in the grasslands and the tiger lives in
the forest. By living in different habitats, the two species will not encounter
one another and each is isolated from the other species. Darwin's finches are
found on the same island, but cannot interbreed due to ecological isolation.
40. Directions: Find the odd one out
a. Phylloclade of Opuntia and cladode of Asparagus
b.
Thorns of Bougainvillea and tendrils of passion flower
c.
Tendrils of
pea and tendrils of Vitis
d. Tendrils of Vitis and thorns of Carissa
Correct answer: c, Tendrils of pea and tendrils of Vitis are analogous organs. Tendrils
of pea are a modification of leaf and in Vitis, they
are the modification of apical bud.
41. Radioactive dating uses the half-life of uranium for estimation of the
age of fossils. What is the half-life of uranium?
a. 4.468 billion
years
b. 4760 years
c. 7.54x10^4
years
d. 2.455x 10^5
years
Correct answer: a, Half-life of uranium is 4.468 billion years. In
this time, one half of the total number of atoms of 238U changes to 206Pb. The correct estimation
of 238U and 206Pb in a given rock helps
us to calculate the age of the rock.
42. Substantive variations in living beings occur due to
a. Gene mutations
b. Repetition of
organs
c. Size, shape
and color of the organ
d. Change in
environmental conditions
Correct answer: c, Substantive variation is a variation where the difference occurs in the shape, size, and color, etc. E.g. Colours of skin, hair, and shape of ear, nose, body, etc
43. An organism never returns exactly to a former state even if it
finds itself placed in conditions of existence identical to those in which it
has previously lived. This law is
a. Allen’s law
b. Gause’s law
c. Dollo’s law
d. Weismann’s
theory
Correct answer: c, According to Dollo's law, an organism never returns
exactly to a former state, even if it finds itself placed in conditions of
existence identical to those in which it has previously lived. It always keeps
some trace of the intermediate stages through which it has passed.
44. Living fossil is an extant taxon that closely resembles organisms
only known from the fossil record. Which of the following is not a living
fossil?
a. Glypheoidea
b. Ginkgo biloba
c. Jurodid
beetles
d. Saber-toothed
cat
Correct Answer: d, A saber-toothed cat is any member of various
extinct groups of predatory mammals that were characterized by long, curved
saber-shaped canine teeth. They were found in the Eocene era and are extinct now,
thus found only in fossils.
45. Mentis religiosa, is a mimic whose model is
a. Dry sticks
b. Green leaf
c. Dry leaf
d. Variegated
leaf
Correct Answer: b, Mentis religiosa looks like the green leaf.
46. Appearance of dinosaurs
and egg-laying animals took place in which of the following periods according
to the geological time scale?
a. Jurassic
period
b. Carboniferous
period
c.Permian period
d. Triassic
period
Correct Answer: d, Appearance of dinosaurs and
egg-laying mammals took place in the Triassic period (approx. 225 million years
ago).
47. Pliohippus was the horse that existed 1 crore years ago.
Which of the following sentences is incorrect about this horse?
a. It had two long extra toes
on both sides of the hoof.
b. It was similar in appearance to
Equus
c. The skull of Pliohippus did
not possess fossae.
d. Its teeth were strongly curved.
Correct
answer: The
skull of Pliohippus had
deep facial fossae, whereas Equus had no fossae at all.
48. Which of the following is not a vestigial organ of humans?
a. Muscles of the external ear
b. Wisdom teeth
c. Dense body
hair in males
d. Semilunaris in the human eye.
Correct answer: c, Dense body hair in some males is an atavistic
trait. It is a trait that reappears, but which had once disappeared generations
ago. Dense body hair reappears in only some males and is not a trait of the human
species, thus it is atavistic.
49. Fossils which present record of movements or behaviors of the
dinosaurs are:
a. True form
fossils
b. Cast fossils
c. Trace fossils
d. Impression
fossils
Correct answer: c, Trace fossils (ichnofossils) record the movements
and behaviors of the dinosaurs. An animal makes a footprint when it steps in the sand. Over time the footprint is buried in layers of sediment. Then, the
sediment becomes solid rock.
50. Isolation leads to the development of new species. Prevention of
cross-pollination due to the complexity of flower structure leads to which kind of
isolation?
a. Physiological
isolation
b. Mechanical
isolation
c. Ecological
isolation
d. Geographical
isolation
Correct Answer: b, Mechanical isolation results from the incompatibility
of the species living in the same area to mate with each other due to
differences in size and shape of organisms. Some flowers have complex
structures that prevent cross-pollination between different species; thus, it
is mechanical isolation.
51. Which of the following points are true about Neo-Darwinism?
a. Mutations help in the formation of new species.
b. Neo-Darwinism can explain the origin of new characters.
c. It can explain the occurrence of unchanged forms over millions of years.
d. It does not believe in isolation.
a. a and d
b. a and b
c. a and c
d. b and d
Correct answer: c, Neo-Darwinism believes that mutations help to form
new species. It can also explain the occurrence of unchanged forms over millions
of years.
52. Arrange the following
evolutionary processes in chronological order.
a. Origin of mosses
b. Origin of mollusks
c. Origin of amphibians
d. Origin of vascular plants
a. d-b-a-c
b. b-a-d-c
c. b-c-a-d
d. a-b-d-c
Correct Answer: b, It is the correct sequence. Mollusks originated
1500 million years ago. Mosses originated 500 million years ago. The first
vascular plant originated 440 million years ago. The first amphibians
originated 400 million years ago
53. Meristic variations in organisms arise due to
a. Mutations
b. Alteration in
shape, size, and color
c. Repetition of
organs
d. Change in
environmental condition
Correct answer: c, Meristic
variations arise due to the repetition of organs of living beings.
54, In industrial melanism in
Britain, the main reason for the disappearance of white moths was
a. Vanishing of
epiphytic lichen due to pollution
b. Change of
color of epiphytic lichen
c. Mutation in
melanin pigment of the moth
d. Resistance of
black moth to soot
Correct Answer: b, White moths disappeared because the color of
lichens turned from white to black due to smoke. White moths were clearly
visible against the black background and were easily killed by the predators.
55. The oldest evolutionary history was discovered in
a. Horse
b. Frog
c. Giraffe
d. Elephant
Correct Answer: b, The oldest evolutionary history was discovered in
frogs. The oldest fossil "proto-frog" appeared in the early Triassic of Madagascar, but molecular clock dating suggests their origins may extend further back to
the Permian, 265 million years ago.
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